16 March 2021

The Importance of High-Level Disinfection on Transvaginal Ultrasound (TVUS) Probes

What are TVUS probes? TVUS probes are pelvic ultrasound devices that use high-frequency sound waves for the creation of images1. TVUS probes enable examinations of female reproductive organs such as the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, helping to identify and diagnose conditions1. TVUS examinations are internal and involve inserting the probe into the vaginal canal1.

 

Why do TVUS probes require high-level disinfection?

1. Infection Control Guideline Endorsement

When recommending methods of disinfection or sterilisation, infection control guidelines follow the Spaulding classification. The classification is based on the infection risk to patients taking into account the intended use of the device². When entering the patient, TVUS probes contact the intact mucous membrane of the cervix and vaginal wall. Therefore, regulatory bodies recommend high-level disinfection of TVUS probes after use based on the Spaulding classification (Table 1.)².

 

Table 1. The Spaulding Classification²

2. Micro Perforation & Probe Cover Leakage Risks

The use of probe covers is endorsed by global guidelines to minimise contamination when performing TVUS procedures^3-12. Contamination can still occur from micro perforations, partial and complete breaks of the cover during use, or incorrect placement of the cover on the probe (see Figure 1.). Some commercially produced ultrasound probe covers have unacceptably high leakage rates of up to 81%, and are not a reliable barrier against infectious agents, particularly viruses¹³.

 

Figure 1. Micro Perforation & Probe Cover Leakage Risks

Contamination can remain even when a TVUS probe is covered and disinfected with an intermediate or low-level disinfectant^14-17. If a TVUS probe is insufficiently disinfected in between patient use, or the cover was damaged/incorrectly placed (see Figure1.), nosocomial transmission can occur from patient to patient, or from patient to healthcare worker. The use of disinfectants with insufficient efficacy on medical devices will not reduce the contamination to a safe level. Pathogens can also persist for prolonged periods if a surface or device is not sufficiently disinfected5. For example, Human Papillomavirus (HPV) can survive on surfaces for up to seven days¹⁸.

 

3. TVUS Probe Cable and Plug Contamination

TVUS probe components (Figure 2.) at risk of blood and microbial contamination include: • the insertion shaft, which enters the patient20,21 • the handle of the device20,21 • the cable and plug20,21 • the probe holder   High-level disinfection will prevent the spread of harmful pathogens from one patient to another while also safeguarding healthcare professionals during procedures. Some automated disinfection units are only capable of disinfecting the insertion shaft and handle of the TVUS probe. The Tristel Trio Wipes System and Tristel Duo ULT offer high-level disinfection for all parts of the TVUS probe including the probe, holder, plug and cable.

Figure 2. Components of a Standard TVUS Probe

4. Risk of Bacterial Spores from the Environment

Bacterial spores such as Bacillus subtilis are common environmental contaminants²². TVUS probes are not required to be stored or decontaminated in a sterile area, which could cause the devices to become recontaminated. Bacterial spores are considered the most resistant microorganisms to disinfectants (Figure 3) and sterilisation is needed to destroy high levels of spores. The high temperatures and harsh chemicals used during sterilisation can cause damage to the probe, therefore an alternative method of high-level disinfection should be used.

Figure 3. Components of a Standard TVUS Probe Resistance of Microorganisms to DIsinfectants. Adapted from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2008)²

 

High-level Disinfection of TVUS Probes Reduces the Risk of Transmission of Infection

Scientific research by Meyers et al., (2014) demonstrated that high-level disinfectants included in worldwide decontamination guidelines are not effective at destroying HPV²³. Until recently it has not been possible to test the efficacy of disinfectants against native HPV. In the absence of available methods, regulatory authorities recommend testing against the surrogate polyomavirus SV40, which is used as an indicator of efficacy against HPV. However, the resistance profiles of the two viruses in comparison against disinfectants have not been studied. This means that efficacy against the surrogate polyomavirus SV40 does not necessarily imply efficacy against HPV²³. The Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (2020) has recently published a patient safety guideline on reducing the risk of transmitting infection by TVUS examinations, recommending the following:
• The application of single-use sterile probe covers for every TVUS examination¹³.
• The use of sterile single-use ultrasound gel packets¹³.
• Cleaning, i.e. the removal of gross contamination like gel and debris which can reduce disinfectant efficacy, on TVUS probes after each examination¹³.
• High-level disinfection using an agent with proven efficacy against HPV¹³.

 

New scientific research by Meyers, et al. (2020) demonstrates the Tristel Trio Wipes System and Tristel Duo ULT possess efficacy against infectious HPV types 16 and 18 on a transvaginal ultrasound probe in 30 seconds²⁴.

 

		Tristel Trio Wipes System The gold standard for manual decontamination of non-lumened invasive and non-invasive medical devices. 30-second contact time Click here to find out more about Tristel Trio Wipes System.
		Tristel Duo ULT A chlorine dioxide-based high-level disinfectant foam for intracavity ultrasound probes and skin surface transducers, including cables, plugs and  control panels. 30-second contact time Click here to find out more about Tristel Duo ULT.

 

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