{"id":111,"date":"2021-05-12T18:57:24","date_gmt":"2021-05-12T06:57:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tristel.com\/en-ca\/?post_type=post&#038;p=111"},"modified":"2026-01-08T11:30:26","modified_gmt":"2026-01-08T00:30:26","slug":"chlorine-dioxide-mode-of-action","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/latest-news\/chlorine-dioxide-mode-of-action\/","title":{"rendered":"Chlorine Dioxide: Mode of Action on Viruses"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-style-rounded\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"992\" height=\"661\" src=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-1.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10865\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-1.jpeg 992w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-1-768x512.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-1-320x213.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-1-576x384.jpeg 576w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 992px) 100vw, 992px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-h-5-font-size\">Chlorine dioxide (ClO\u2082) is a powerful biocide with proven efficacy against a wide range of microorganisms, including viruses. Scientific research has been undertaken to understand the virucidal activity and mode of action of chlorine dioxide. Several ways have been identified for viral inactivation by chlorine dioxide, including protein and nucleic acid modification. Read on to understand chlorine dioxide mode of action, so you can choose the right products to use to ensure infection prevention.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-25 is-style-purple\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/4gDn1Vk\">Read Report<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-are-viruses\">What are viruses?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Viruses teeter on the boundaries of what is considered life and are the smallest of all infectious agents. Composed of genetic material, they are encompassed by a protein coat called a capsid. Certain viruses are covered by an additional coat composed of lipids and proteins known as the envelope. Theoretically, 500 million rhinoviruses (which cause the common cold) could fit on to the head of a pin<sup>1<\/sup>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\">\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized is-style-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"456\" src=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10866\" style=\"width:672px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-2.png 768w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-2-320x190.png 320w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-2-576x342.png 576w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A size comparison between a human red blood cell and various microorganisms. Image adapted from the Royal Society of Biology (https:\/\/www.rsb.org.uk\/ biologist-features\/158biologist\/features\/1490-largerthan-life).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Viruses can only multiply within the cells of other living organisms known as host cells. Therefore, they are referred to as obligate intracellular parasites. Viral infections lead to a myriad of diseases such as COVID-19, measles, influenza, hepatitis and more. The pathogenicity of a virus in humans is determined by:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Viral affinity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Entry<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Replication in host cells<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>It is vital healthcare professionals inactivate and destroy viruses in the immediate environment, reducing the risk of viral infection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-chlorine-dioxide-clo2\">Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-disinfection-with-clo2\">Disinfection with ClO2<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"576\" height=\"905\" src=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10867\" style=\"width:307px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-3.png 576w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-3-489x768.png 489w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-3-204x320.png 204w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\">The oxidative capacity of various biocide agents. The oxidation capacity of chemicals denotes the number of electrons one molecule can accept from its surrounding molecules. For example, microorganisms including multiple part reductions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>Chlorine dioxide (ClO\u2082) has been used in the water treatment industry for the 100 years, with The World Health Organisation (WHO) approving it for the disinfection of drinking water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In recent decades, it has been shown to be an effective biocide in solution and gas forms. Effective against:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bacteria <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Viruses <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protozoa <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yeasts<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fungi<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mycobacteria<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bacterial spores<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>As an oxidiser, ClO\u2082 has the capability to obtain electrons from nearby molecules. It can obtain five electrons in total from surrounding molecules, making it a superior biocide to alternative oxidisers. Those alternatives include aqueous chlorine, peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide, which are only able to gain two electrons<sup>2,3<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-virucidal-activity\">Virucidal Activity<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Viruses are either enveloped or non-enveloped. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), enveloped viruses are regarded by scientists as the least resistant group of microorganisms for disinfectants to inactivate. Vegetative bacteria, fungi, non-enveloped viruses, mycobacteria and bacterial spores are all deemed more resistant for disinfectants to inactivate<sup>4<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-style-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"992\" height=\"212\" src=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10868\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-4.png 992w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-4-768x164.png 768w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-4-320x68.png 320w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-4-576x123.png 576w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 992px) 100vw, 992px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Tristel\u2019s ClO\u2082 based disinfectants have been tested in accordance with virucidal standards EN 14476 and EN 14675. In the medical area, Murine Norovirus, Poliovirus Type 1 and Adenovirus Type 5 are chosen by scientists for testing, as they are representative of the most resistant viruses. Efficacy against these viruses and compliance with EN 14476 infers efficacy against all viruses. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>Murine Norovirus, Poliovirus Type 1 and Adenovirus Type 5 are chosen by scientists for testing, as they are representative of the most resistant viruses.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>&#8230;Efficacy against these viruses infers efficacy against all viruses.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Tristel chlorine dioxide products are featured in infection control studies concerning Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and SARS-CoV-2. Two examples include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Meyers, et al., (2020) &#8211; demonstrated Tristel Duo foams and Tristel Trio Wipes System have efficacy against infectious HPV Type 16 and Type 18 on medical devices in a 30-second contact time<sup>5<\/sup>. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Jerry et al., (2020) &#8211; Tristel Fuse for Surfaces was used in the decontamination process for COVID-19 patient rooms, patient ward areas and nurses\u2019 station areas<sup>6<\/sup>. This study demonstrates that the use of chlorine dioxide alongside other measures is effective in preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 from contaminated patient rooms and general ward areas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-mechanism-of-viral-inactivation\">Mechanism of Viral Inactivation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Chlorine dioxide reacts with viral components made up of proteins (chains of amino acid residues) and genetic material (nucleic acids). These reactions affect viruses, which leads to their inactivation in several ways. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Further research regarding the mode of action of ClO\u2082 on viruses and how this active molecule specifically interacts with viral molecules continues to evolve in the scientific community.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-mode-of-action-on-viral-proteins\">Mode of Action on Viral Proteins<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Unlike other oxidant chemistries, ClO\u2082 is highly selective, reacting extremely slowly (or not at all) with most organic compounds which are known to inactivate other oxidising chemistries. However, ClO\u2082 reacts specifically with the amino acids: cysteine, methionine, tyrosine and tryptophan, and oxidatively modifies them<sup>7<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"421\" height=\"476\" src=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-5.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10869\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-5.png 421w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-5-283x320.png 283w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 421px) 100vw, 421px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\">Structure of an enveloped virus \u2013 Influenza virus.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>Ogata &amp; Shibata (2008), demonstrated that ClO\u2082 treatment leads to the denaturing of Haemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) on Influenza A virus. Four model peptides (HA1, HA2, NA1 and NA2) were treated with ClO\u2082, and were analysed by reverse-phase HPLC. Several novel peptide peaks were found on the chromatograms that differed completely from the original peptide peaks; this indicated that the original peptides were modified covalently by reaction with ClO\u2082. Covalent modification of the amino acid residues of tryptophan and tyrosine by ClO\u2082 was confirmed by mass spectrometry (MS). Such modifications of amino acid residues appeared to denature the HA and NA proteins of Influenza A virus. These proteins are essential for viral infectivity and denaturing them consequently inactivated the virus.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Other peptides were also found to be modified at tryptophan and tyrosine residues; this was suggested to be on other vital proteins such as the Matrix-2 (M2) protein in the viral envelope. The M2 protein of influenza A is a proton channel which balances the pH across the viral membrane during cell entry, triggering the release of the viral genome into the host cell, so that viral replication can occur<sup>8<\/sup>. A tryptophan residue protrudes into the M2 protein channel and acts as a gate for protons. As ClO\u2082 reacts with tryptophan in various peptides, it is likely that the tryptophan residue in the M2 protein channel was also modified by ClO\u2082, resulting in its key functionality ceasing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\">\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized is-style-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"992\" height=\"379\" src=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-6.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10870\" style=\"width:555px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-6.png 992w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-6-768x293.png 768w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-6-320x122.png 320w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-6-576x220.png 576w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 992px) 100vw, 992px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Chlorine dioxide denaturing Matrix-2 (M2) protein. The M2 protein is a proton selective viroporin (channel) in the viral envelope of Influenza A virus. A tryptophan (Trp) residue acts as a gate to mediate proton transport.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-mode-of-action-on-the-viral-genome\">Mode of Action on the Viral Genome<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>It was concluded by Alvarez and O\u2019Brien, (1982), that ClO\u2082 inactivates polioviruses (non-enveloped) by targeting the viral RNA, therefore, impairing the ability of the viral genome to act as a template for viral replication<sup>9<\/sup>. Sedimentation analysis of extracts of HeLa cells infected with ClO\u2082-inactivated viruses showed a reduced incorporation of uridine (one of the four base units which comprise RNA) into new viral RNA. In this study, the critical target of ClO\u2082 was recognized as the viral RNA, consequently resulting in the virus being unable to replicate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\">\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized is-style-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"992\" height=\"393\" src=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-7.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10871\" style=\"width:343px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-7.png 992w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-7-768x304.png 768w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-7-320x127.png 320w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-7-576x228.png 576w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 992px) 100vw, 992px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Chlorine dioxide molecules infiltrating a non-enveloped virus (i.e. poliovirus) and reacting with the RNA<sup>10<\/sup>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\">\n<p>Chlorine dioxide has also been observed to inactivate another non-enveloped virus, Hepatitis A virus (HAV), by simultaneously destroying antigenicity and damaging the viral genome. Antigenicity is the capacity of an antigen (located on the capsid of HAV) to bind specifically with a complementary protein, i.e. host cell receptors.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>In Li et al., (2004), antigenicity was measured by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), and the viral genome was analysed by long-overlapping reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showing that the 5\u2019 non-translated region was damaged by ClO<sub>2<\/sub><sup>11<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The study concluded that ClO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;reacted both with the viral RNA and with the viral capsid protein, inhibiting HAV from attaching, penetrating, and replicating in host cells. Poliovirus and HAV are both non-enveloped viruses, which are the most resistant to disinfectants. Having efficacy against these viruses infers efficacy against other viruses of similar structure and the less resistant enveloped viruses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-conclusion\">Conclusion<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The virucidal activity of chlorine dioxide has been well established by the aforementioned studies and viral efficacy testing according to European and American standards. With this knowledge, the industry is equipped with disinfectants that are tailored for viral infection control. The active ingredient of many Tristel products is a proprietary chlorine dioxide formulation. Various studies have shown that chlorine dioxide reacts with viruses depending on their molecular composition and structure. As research continues these nuances will be elucidated further.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"367\" height=\"992\" src=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-8.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10872\" style=\"width:190px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-8.png 367w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-8-284x768.png 284w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2021\/05\/Chlorine-Dioxide-Mode-of-Action-on-Viruses-Image-8-118x320.png 118w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 367px) 100vw, 367px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-small-font-size\">Chlorine dioxide molecules reacting with HAV antigens and RNA, resulting in modifications which impair infectivity<sup>12<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-our-products\">Our Products<\/h4>\n\n\n<div class=\"tristel-products gutenberg wp-block-create-block-tristel-products\"><div class=\"tristel-products__grid\"><a class=\"product-card\" href=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/product\/tristel-trio-wipes-system\/\">\n\t<div class=\"product-card__image-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"576\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2025\/04\/Tristel-Trio-Wipes-System_Cover-Image-576x576.jpg\" class=\"product-card__image\" alt=\"Tristel Trio Wipes System - Complete Device Decontamination System\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2025\/04\/Tristel-Trio-Wipes-System_Cover-Image-576x576.jpg 576w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2025\/04\/Tristel-Trio-Wipes-System_Cover-Image-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2025\/04\/Tristel-Trio-Wipes-System_Cover-Image-992x992.jpg 992w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2025\/04\/Tristel-Trio-Wipes-System_Cover-Image-320x320.jpg 320w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2025\/04\/Tristel-Trio-Wipes-System_Cover-Image-1200x1200.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2025\/04\/Tristel-Trio-Wipes-System_Cover-Image.jpg 1270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" \/>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<article class=\"product-card__article\">\n\t\t<h6 class=\"product-card__headline\">Tristel Trio Wipes System<\/h6>\n\t\t<span class=\"product-card__hover-effect hover-effect\"\n\t\t\t  style=\"background-color:#007db3\"><\/span>\n\t<\/article>\n<\/a>\n\n\n\n<a class=\"product-card\" href=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/product\/tristel-duo-oph\/\">\n\t<div class=\"product-card__image-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"576\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2024\/11\/Tristel-Duo-OPH-thumbnail_ANZ-576x576.jpg\" class=\"product-card__image\" alt=\"Opthalmic Disinfection with Tristel Duo OPH\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2024\/11\/Tristel-Duo-OPH-thumbnail_ANZ-576x576.jpg 576w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2024\/11\/Tristel-Duo-OPH-thumbnail_ANZ-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2024\/11\/Tristel-Duo-OPH-thumbnail_ANZ-992x992.jpg 992w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2024\/11\/Tristel-Duo-OPH-thumbnail_ANZ-320x320.jpg 320w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2024\/11\/Tristel-Duo-OPH-thumbnail_ANZ.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" \/>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<article class=\"product-card__article\">\n\t\t<h6 class=\"product-card__headline\">Tristel Duo OPH<\/h6>\n\t\t<span class=\"product-card__hover-effect hover-effect\"\n\t\t\t  style=\"background-color:#737c22\"><\/span>\n\t<\/article>\n<\/a>\n\n\n\n<a class=\"product-card\" href=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/product\/tristel-duo-ncu\/\">\n\t<div class=\"product-card__image-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"576\" height=\"422\" src=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2025\/04\/Tristel-Duo-NCU-Intermediate-level-disinfectant-e1744378829480-576x422.jpg\" class=\"product-card__image\" alt=\"Tristel Duo NCU | Intermediate-level disinfectant | Ultrasound cleaner\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2025\/04\/Tristel-Duo-NCU-Intermediate-level-disinfectant-e1744378829480-576x422.jpg 576w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2025\/04\/Tristel-Duo-NCU-Intermediate-level-disinfectant-e1744378829480-768x563.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2025\/04\/Tristel-Duo-NCU-Intermediate-level-disinfectant-e1744378829480-992x727.jpg 992w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2025\/04\/Tristel-Duo-NCU-Intermediate-level-disinfectant-e1744378829480-320x235.jpg 320w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2025\/04\/Tristel-Duo-NCU-Intermediate-level-disinfectant-e1744378829480-1200x879.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2025\/04\/Tristel-Duo-NCU-Intermediate-level-disinfectant-e1744378829480-1400x1026.jpg 1400w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2025\/04\/Tristel-Duo-NCU-Intermediate-level-disinfectant-e1744378829480-1600x1173.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2025\/04\/Tristel-Duo-NCU-Intermediate-level-disinfectant-e1744378829480-1920x1407.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2025\/04\/Tristel-Duo-NCU-Intermediate-level-disinfectant-e1744378829480.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" \/>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<article class=\"product-card__article\">\n\t\t<h6 class=\"product-card__headline\">Tristel Duo NCU<\/h6>\n\t\t<span class=\"product-card__hover-effect hover-effect\"\n\t\t\t  style=\"background-color:#007fad\"><\/span>\n\t<\/article>\n<\/a>\n\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"tristel-products gutenberg wp-block-create-block-tristel-products\"><div class=\"tristel-products__grid\"><a class=\"product-card\" href=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/product\/stella-system\/\">\n\t<div class=\"product-card__image-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"576\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2024\/11\/Stella-high-level-disinfection-semi-automated-system_thumbnail-576x576.jpg\" class=\"product-card__image\" alt=\"Medical Device Decontamination with Stella System\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2024\/11\/Stella-high-level-disinfection-semi-automated-system_thumbnail-576x576.jpg 576w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2024\/11\/Stella-high-level-disinfection-semi-automated-system_thumbnail-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2024\/11\/Stella-high-level-disinfection-semi-automated-system_thumbnail-992x992.jpg 992w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2024\/11\/Stella-high-level-disinfection-semi-automated-system_thumbnail-320x320.jpg 320w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2024\/11\/Stella-high-level-disinfection-semi-automated-system_thumbnail.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" \/>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<article class=\"product-card__article\">\n\t\t<h6 class=\"product-card__headline\">Stella System<\/h6>\n\t\t<span class=\"product-card__hover-effect hover-effect\"\n\t\t\t  style=\"background-color:#44257d\"><\/span>\n\t<\/article>\n<\/a>\n\n\n\n<a class=\"product-card\" href=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/product\/tristel-jet\/\">\n\t<div class=\"product-card__image-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"576\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2024\/11\/Jet-Foam-AUS-NZ_-WEB-576x576.jpg\" class=\"product-card__image\" alt=\"Disinfectant spray Tristel Jet FOAM creates sporicidal foam for surfaces and equipment\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2024\/11\/Jet-Foam-AUS-NZ_-WEB-576x576.jpg 576w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2024\/11\/Jet-Foam-AUS-NZ_-WEB-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2024\/11\/Jet-Foam-AUS-NZ_-WEB-320x320.jpg 320w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2024\/11\/Jet-Foam-AUS-NZ_-WEB.jpg 770w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" \/>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<article class=\"product-card__article\">\n\t\t<h6 class=\"product-card__headline\">Tristel Jet FOAM<\/h6>\n\t\t<span class=\"product-card__hover-effect hover-effect\"\n\t\t\t  style=\"background-color:#20b062\"><\/span>\n\t<\/article>\n<\/a>\n\n\n\n<a class=\"product-card\" href=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/product\/tristel-fuse-for-surfaces\/\">\n\t<div class=\"product-card__image-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"576\" height=\"425\" src=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2024\/11\/Tristel-Fuse-for-Surfaces-Box-and-Sachet-1600x1180-1-576x425.jpg\" class=\"product-card__image\" alt=\"Surface disinfection solution combines the powerful biocidal efficacy of chlorine dioxide with cleaning action.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2024\/11\/Tristel-Fuse-for-Surfaces-Box-and-Sachet-1600x1180-1-576x425.jpg 576w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2024\/11\/Tristel-Fuse-for-Surfaces-Box-and-Sachet-1600x1180-1-768x566.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2024\/11\/Tristel-Fuse-for-Surfaces-Box-and-Sachet-1600x1180-1-992x732.jpg 992w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2024\/11\/Tristel-Fuse-for-Surfaces-Box-and-Sachet-1600x1180-1-320x236.jpg 320w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2024\/11\/Tristel-Fuse-for-Surfaces-Box-and-Sachet-1600x1180-1-1200x885.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2024\/11\/Tristel-Fuse-for-Surfaces-Box-and-Sachet-1600x1180-1-1400x1033.jpg 1400w, https:\/\/tristel.com\/au-en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2024\/11\/Tristel-Fuse-for-Surfaces-Box-and-Sachet-1600x1180-1.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" \/>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<article class=\"product-card__article\">\n\t\t<h6 class=\"product-card__headline\">Tristel Fuse for Surfaces<\/h6>\n\t\t<span class=\"product-card__hover-effect hover-effect\"\n\t\t\t  style=\"background-color:#0d5d3e\"><\/span>\n\t<\/article>\n<\/a>\n\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-references\"><strong>References:<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>1<\/strong> Society, M. (2020) Viruses. Available at: https:\/\/ microbiologysociety.org\/why-microbiology-matters\/whatis-microbiology\/viruses.html (Accessed: 25 June 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>2<\/strong> Fukayama, M. Y. et al. (1986) \u2018Reactions of aqueous chlorine and chlorine dioxine with model food compounds\u2019, Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 69, pp. 267\u2013274. doi: 10.1289\/ehp.8669267.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>3<\/strong> Miura, T. and Shibata, T. (2010) \u2018Antiviral Effect of Chlorine Dioxide against Influenza Virus and Its Application for Infection Control\u2019, The Open Antimicrobial Agents Journal, 2(2), pp. 71\u201378. doi: 10.2174\/1876518101002020071.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>4<\/strong> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2008) \u2018Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities, 2008; Miscellaneous Inactivating Agents\u2019, CDC website, (May), pp. 9\u201313. doi: 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>5<\/strong> Meyers, C., Milici, J. and Robison, R. (2020) \u2018The ability of two chlorine dioxide chemistries to inactivate human papillomavirus-contaminated endocavitary ultrasound probes and nasendoscopes\u2019, Journal of Medical Virology, (November 2019). doi: 10.1002\/jmv.25666.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>6<\/strong> Jerry, J. et al. (2020) \u2018Do established infection prevention and control measures prevent spread of SARS-CoV-2 to the hospital environment beyond the patient room?\u2019, Journal of Hospital Infection. The Healthcare Infection Society. doi: 10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.06.026.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>7<\/strong> Noszticzius, Z. et al. (2013) \u2018Chlorine dioxide is a sizeselective antimicrobial agent\u2019, PLoS ONE, 8(11), pp. 1\u201310. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0079157.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>8<\/strong> Cady, S. D. et al. (2009) \u2018Structure and function of the influenza A M2 proton channel\u2019, Biochemistry, 48(31), pp. 7356\u20137364. doi: 10.1021\/bi9008837.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>9<\/strong> Alvarez, M. E. and O\u2019Brien, R. T. (1982) \u2018Mechanisms of inactivation of poliovirus by chlorine dioxide and iodine\u2019, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 44(5), pp. 10641071. doi: 10.1128\/aem.44.5.1064-1071.1982.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>10<\/strong> Thurman, R. B. and Gerba, C. P. (1988) \u2018Molecular Mechanisms of Viral Inactivation by Water Disinfectants\u2019, Advances in Applied Microbiology, 33(C), pp. 75\u2013105. doi: 10.1016\/S0065-2164(08)70205-3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>11<\/strong> Li, J. W. et al. (2004) \u2018Mechanisms of inactivation of hepatitis a virus in water by chlorine dioxide\u2019, Water Research, 38(6), pp. 1514\u20131519. doi: 10.1016\/j.watres.2003.12.021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>12<\/strong> Thurman, R. B. and Gerba, C. P. (1988) \u2018Molecular Mechanisms of Viral Inactivation by Water Disinfectants\u2019, Advances in Applied Microbiology, 33(C), pp. 75\u2013105. doi: 10.1016\/S0065-2164(08)70205-3<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chlorine dioxide (ClO\u2082) is a powerful biocide with proven efficacy against a wide range of microorganisms, including viruses. 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